What Were The Problems Of South Africa Which Mandela...

What were the problems in South Africa which Mandela fought for? Don’t you think that black and white are two separate races that can be in peace as a country? Belonging means to be properly of a particular group. Generally most South Africans are black but there are some people with European or Asian backgrounds and of mixed race. During 1652 the first white colony was set by the Dutch and latter British settlers arrived. In 1815 Britain took over the Dutch colony and South Africa became part of the British Empire. While the country possessed gold and good farmlands it was rich but it was definitely not peaceful yet because the two races fought over land and there were wars between the Boars who were the Dutch farmers and the British.†¦show more content†¦Why would you arrest the future president of South Africa? Along with Sisulu , Tambo and a few others Mandela formally joined the ANC which stands for the African National Congress to start his corer in politics. After he joined he was elected the National Secretory for the AN CYL and joined leadership in the ANC. Unfortunately racial segregation was introduced throughout the country by Herenigde National Parry (HNP) and in 1943 Mandela made his first exposure to mass of action. A total of 156 people including Nelson Mandela were arrested on a charge of â€Å"high treason and a countrywide conspiracy to use violence to overthrow the present government and replace it with a communist state ,† in December 1956 by the government. Unfortunately the penalty for high treason was death. In 1960 the South African government banned the ANC and the PAC under the Unlawful Organizations Act. On the 29 March 1961 the judges in the treason trial handed down a not guilty verdict after 16 years. On the 5th of August Mandela is arrested just out of Howick after the police receive a tip of from a CLA agent which is based in Durban. On the 7th of November for incitement and leaving the country without a password Mandela is sentenced to five years in priso n. Police raided Lilliesleaf Farm in Rovonia arresting those they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK’S activates some of which mentioned Mandela. Almost the entireShow MoreRelatedNelson Mandela Fight For Human Rights796 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many people who stand up to fight to keep their human rights. Nelson Mandela fought for everyone to be free. Gandhi fought to end racial injustice in South America and to be independent from Britain. Erika Andiola fought for her brother and mother’s rights from being detained because her family were immigrants. These three individuals all fought for their human rights and freedom from discrimination. Nelson Mandela was in prison for a long time, and after truly thinking about people beingRead MorePositive Impact Of Nelson Mandela1254 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nelson Mandela was a great leader of South Africa. Nelson Rolihlahla   Mandela was born in South Africa on July 18, 1918. He was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist, who was the first black and democratically elected President. Before Mandela was elected president, South Africa was a country with a white supremacist government, ruled by apartheid. There were racial tensions between whites and blacks, both races hated each other. Blacks were uneducatedRead MoreNelson Mandela’s Fight for South African’s Justice1516 Words   |  7 Pagesmany resources to help people in their poor conditions. One such country is South Africa, where many South Africans were treated unfairly under apartheid, a law, made in 1950, to separate the African minorities from the white population living in South Africa.1 The Whites banned interracial and intersexual relations between Blacks and non-Black people, and the Black people owned only about 2 0% of the land.2 Black people were not given political representation, not given satisfactory facilities, andRead MoreEssay on Nelson Mandela, My Superhero, Our Superhero850 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Nelson Mandela was the symbol of justice, equality, and dignity.† (Obama, 2013). He was born in Mveso, Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1998 as a Madiba clan (Les Prix Nobel, 1993). Since he was young, he always dreamt to be able to contribute to create a free and democratic country where everyone could live in harmony. He started his anti-apartheid movement by joining the African National Congress (ANC) when he was 20 (Cachalia, 2013). 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Nelson spent 27 years in prison not for a murder or act of genocide he committed, but forRead MoreDo You Hear the People Sing for Nelson Mandela?990 Words   |  4 Pages Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela was born in the small village of Mvezo in the South Africa in 1918. He is known better by the name Nelson, which was given to him by his school teacher in the year 1925. Activism seemed to be in his blood from a young age, as he was asked to leave the University of Fort Hare for participating in a boycott of the Student Representative Council voting. He eventually joined the African National Congress (ANC) with his friend and mentor Sis ulu and Oliver Tambo. In the yearRead More Nelson Mandela Essay examples1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthe words of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa winning the Nobel Peace Prize. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1942 started Nelson Mandela’s participation in the racial oppression in South Africa. He joined the African National Congress (ANC), led by Anton Lembede. In 1944, Mandela joined up with Walter SisuluRead MoreAnalysis Of Nelson Mandela And Socrates1226 Words   |  5 Pagesstill going to behave the same way. Nelson Mandela and Socrates both exhibited true character. Whether to take a stand for what they believe or to go against the status quo of society even if it meant death through their beliefs, values, and actions. Two world refined leaders in history today are Nelson Mandela and Socrates. Nelson Mandela fought for an end to an apartheid in South Africa which segregated black and white African people. Socrates fought for his life after the accusation of corrupting

Educating Students From An Immigrant Background Essay

As someone who is planning on getting licensed to teach two different, yet often marginalized, groups in a school setting, it is very important to consider how to make a school welcoming to all of its students. There is a lot of information available on making a classroom inclusive for students with special needs, but this sort of information is harder to come by for immigrant students who speak a language other than English at home. For this paper, I am looking into the question of how can a school be fundamentally welcoming to students from an immigrant background. I will be doing this by analyzing the experiences of students at a school in Bayview, California, the topic of Made in America: Immigrant Students in our Public Schools, a famous book by Laurie Olsen (1997). Her purpose was to study, â€Å"Through their encounters[, †¦] an illuminated version of the American system of stratification and exclusion through language, cultural, and racial relations† (p. 36). Howe ver, by analyzing and describing the school, Olsen has made it possible to assess any number of concerns that immigrant and English Language Learners (ELLs) face. Using the legwork she has already done, I have identified three characteristics a welcoming school should strive towards in order to help immigrant students. Madison High School serves a very diverse population of students. It has shifted from a white, working-class school to a school without a majority racial or ethnic group. Their students speakShow MoreRelatedImmigrant Children : A Growing Problem For American Schools999 Words   |  4 PagesSelamawi immigrated to Chicago from Ethiopia at the age of seven, and later graduated from Harvard. Before immigrating to America, Selamawi experienced famine, a civil war, and spent five years of his childhood in a refugee camp. Rather than holding him back, his struggles in life made him thrive in American schools. 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International evidence of banking industry - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International evidence of the banking industry. Answer: Introduction The banking sector in Australia is dominated by the Big 4s, namely; Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Westpac Banking Corporation, Australian and New Zealand Banking Group National Australia Bank (Moradi-Motlagh Babacan, 2015). Apart from the Big 4, the industry has a number of small to medium scale banks serving the population, financial institutions, credit unions and mutual banks fill up the rest of the banking ecosystem. Other foreign banks are also present but they have a retail presence. National Australia Bank was formed in the year 1982 as National commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Limited, later the name got changed to NAB. The bank has its headquarters in Melbourne and is serving the Markets of Australia, New Zealand and certain parts of Asia. The bank is flourishing under the leadership of Andrew Thorburn (CEO) and Mike Baird (Chairman). The market offering of the bank are Business banking, consumer banking, wholesale banking, wealth management Insurance as some of its major products. National Bank of Australia is one of the highest respected banks of the Australian continent and people turn up to the bank for fulfilment of their financial needs with impeccable customer service. The bank employs over 35,000 employees in all its location and the workforce is highly diverse in nature (Salim, Arjomandi Seufert, 2016). The people working at the bank take joint ownership and responsibility towards helping people and providing them with best banking servic es. The Bank made a whopping cash profit of $ 6.48 Billion in the year 2016, which was net up by 4.2% from the preceding year, the results of FY 2017 are also better than the expected. Hence it can be said that National Bank of Australia within a short duration for over than 3 decade has made a mark in the Australian Banking Industry. Every organization is in business to make profits and expand its business operations; same is the case with National Australia Bank. NAB is looking forward to expand in the markets of France, Brazil and Korea (Graham Anderson, 2015). The decision for the expansion will be based on the market attractiveness and the present banking scenario in these countries and accordingly strategies will be recommended to NAB for the expansion. Banking Industry in France A major structural reform in happened in the year 1984 in the French Banking industry, a noteworthy fundamental change was removing the distinction between commercial and merchant banks and clubbed them all together under one supervisory system. Credit Agricole (CA), BNP Paribas, Societe Generale, Caisse dEpargne, LCL and Credit Mutuel are some of the largest France banks across the globe (Schwienbacher, 2016). The commercial banks perform all the functions of regular banks like providing short and long term credits, overdrafts, assisting in public offerings of shares and corporate debt et.al. Overall, France has a total of 132 foreign banks with most of them having sizeable branch networks. European central bank is the supervisory authority which controls all the financial instruments and is responsible for printing of money. The Present Situation There is improvement in the economic situation of France; GDP grew by 1.2 % in the year 2016. France has in total 364 banks (January 2017) European banking authority has said that the top 6 banks are amongst the Global systematically important banks. Almost 370,000 people comprise the workforce of the banking industry. The six largest banks of France made a total income of 145.7 Billion French banking industry is currently dealing with many International and European regulatory requirements along with heavy tax burdens. Outstanding business loans until 2017 were to the tune of 920 Billion. SMEs are the prime beneficiaries of the bank lending activities. The French Banks have decided to come up with an API in order to propose a much stronger, secure, resilient and a standardised solution to connect the third party providers. Hence, the statistics and the figures of French banking industry says that the economy and the banks are still struggling to recover from the Failure of the economy and banking system in some countries of EU, and the aftermath of the same is still being felt by the banking industry (Riasi, 2015). Thus it can be said that, in the future the market condition will improve for certain, but it is actually a tough call to get dragged in the prevailing condition of France. In order to further determine the market attractiveness of the French banking industry, Porters 5 force model will be used to analyse the profitability and the attractiveness of the market. Porters Five Force Model Porters 5 force model is extremely useful when it comes to finding the attractiveness and profitability in the market (Dobbs, 2014). Porter uses the 5 force as the attribute to determine the industry attractiveness. Following the guidelines of the model will understand the France banking industry. Threat of New Entrant France had undergone a fundamental regulatory change which got commercial and merchant bank together under one roof of European central bank. France is still recovering from the crisis faced by the European Union. The threat of entry seemed to be moderate in the industry due to less of regulation, but at the same time recovering economy makes the foreign players dicey about entering the France market (Rothaermel, 2015). Another reason which makes the threat of entry low is High initial investment, capability to distribute funds in an ailing economy and skilled manpower. The Bargaining power of suppliers Four banks of France feature amongst the top 20 banks of the European Union and hence European central banks pay good attention towards the need of French banks. Rise in investment avenues, growing demand of SMEs and other industrial requirements, offshore operation and the positive economic outlook make the industry attractive and increases the bargaining power of the suppliers (Dalken, 2014). Bargaining power of customers As mentioned earlier in the report, SME sector is leading the lending charts of France banking industry; the sector is quickly flooding money in their respective industry to grow further. There is billions of Euros which is outstanding in the SME sector, but the government is keen on pushing the reforms and hence giving out the money to business investments. The switching cost is low for customers and growth in banking technology has made it easier for them to carry out the business transaction (Fabbri Klapper, 2016). Hence it can be said that the bargaining power of customers is high. Threat of Substitutes Threat of substitutes in case of banking sector is very limited, because one of the most fundamental banking reformed turned the entire merchant and the commercial banks as one in France. Moreover there is little threat from the investors and NBFC, but as mentioned its very limited threat. Moreover some of the banking functions like insurance, mutual funds, withdrawals, fixed security are available only with the mainstream banks. Thus the threat of substitutes is very low (Schaner, 2017). Competitive Rivalry 6 of the top largest banks of France like BNP Paribas, Credit Agricole,Societe Generale features in the top banks of the entire EU. In the year 2016 these banks earned an income of 145.7 Billion. Apart from these 10 banks, other are very small. The competitive rivalry is moderate as there is no cut throat competition, but every player competes on providing better services and products (Piercy, 2014). Frances Trade Union There are in all 5 trade unions in the banking sector, namely Federation of workers in Banks Assurance (FSBPA) French Democratic Confederation of Labour Work force in banks, affiliated to General confederation of Labour Federation of Christian workers in banks The trade unions in the sector compete for the members and look for their support in the workplace to get a seat in the council. The rivalry as of now is not much but in couple of years, it will surely get fierce (Lange, Ross Vannicelli, 2016). A strong point of competition among the union is in terms of the rights to be consulted on the formulation of public policy and its implementation. Recommendation for France France with a GDP of 2.465 Trillion is fifth largest economy of the world. Despite the fact that economy is growing back from its slow down a couple of years back, the NPA, unsecured loans, outstanding loans et.al are excessively high in France. Moreover the sector is dominated by the 6 major banks which have been in the industry for decades. Hence, in all light of the evidence, France will not be a better market for expansion owing to the sluggish growth in the economy and tendency of people to default on their loans. For NAB, the expansion in France is not a feasible option considering the growth of the bank Banking Industry in Korea South Korean economy is showing some good resistance to the political and geopolitical turmoil, the GDP grew by 2.2% year on year following a gain of 2.4% in the last quarter of the year 2016.Further the sector is having a positive outlook owing to the rise in domestic demand and rise in the investment are positive signs of growth (Kanagaretnam, Lobo Wang, 2015). Consumer spending is bound to increase, but high household debt burden will inhibit the growth. US China are the biggest export destinations for Korea, and the export outlook looks positive just opening up opportunities for the Korean banks. South Korean industrial products and exports are on an upward trend and even the business sentiment n the manufacturing sector is showing signs of improvement, a very promising outlook for the South Korean Banking sector. Service sector in South Korea plays an important role and provides for 60% of the GDP and 70% of the workforce employed. Koreas banking system consists of banking and non-banking financial institutions. Financial services commission and the Financial Supervisory Service are the bodies responsible for supervision and examination of all banks, including both the specialized, government owned banks, securities and the insurance companies. Present Situation in Korea Since 2014, the banking sectors net foreign asset turned positive and since then it is on an upward trend of improvement. It rose from US $100m in 2014 to US $47.2billion in 2018. The profitability of the South Korean banks has improved in recent times despite a low interest rate and a mature market, though the banks have been facing growing competition and regulatory pressures in the domestic market. Arrival of 2 internet bank is creating a disruption and stir in the market, as mobile-savvy consumers are smart and quickly adopting to smartphone banking. Housing debt level is rising. The earning of South Korean banks grew sharply in the first half of 2017 (US$ 7.1 Bn), 171% rise from the previous year. The increase in the pure-play internet banks is posing a threat to the brick and mortar banks. K Bank Kakao banks launched their commercial operations in the year 2017 and have been making a splash ever since. South Korean Banks are themselves looking for globalization in the emerging markets; they are rapidly expanding into the Asian markets, due to increase from domestic competition and the rise of internet banks (Park Lee, 2017). Porter 5 Force Model- Banking in Korea Threat of New Entrant As South Korean banks are looking for a way out for global expansion into developing or the emerging economies around Asia, it leaves a fair chunk of market open to any new Entrant. The cost of entry is particularly high, but South Korea as a banking sector has good scope for growth. With the expansion if Internet banks like Kakao, the market looks more attractive (Porter Heppelmann, 2014). Government regulation and policies are strong; hence there is moderate threat to entry. Threat of Substitute Products As long as people need money, insurance, financial products, fixed deposit security et al, the threat of substitute products remain very low. Institution can lend money but they still dont have power to function like a regular bank thus reducing the threat of substitute products to low. Bargaining power of customers South Korea is one nation whose population can be clearly identified with the service class. The service class looks for faster services and solution in comparison to the business or agriculture class. Penetration of internet banking happened due to the need of speedy services. The switching cost is relatively lower and the loyalty of customers towards the bank is moderate, thus making the bargaining power of customers range from medium to high. Bargaining power of suppliers Bank of Korea is the central bank of South Korea and it has recently mentioned that it will leave Won to operate according to the market forces and will not respond until Won gets too big a currency and price destabilization happens. Bank has raised interest rate for the first time in 6 years and is hopeful of solid advance growth due to controlled inflationary pressure and a strong rising demand. It can be said that the bargaining power of suppliers is moderate due to less intervention. Competitive Rivalry The competitive rivalry seems to be divided into click and mortar and the newly emerged internet banks, this is leading the red blood competition in South Korea. K bank Kakao are making a splash in the market, kind of what happened when Apple launched iPhones. Also, the new future is internet only banks because of a new legislation were pending. Hence, the rivalry is high (Lee Ryu, 2014). Final Words on South Korea Banking Sector The year 2014 saw struggle in South Korean Banking sector, with big names like HSBC and Standard chartered withdrawing from the retail market, banking scandals and excess liquidity were the times of troubled waters. Both the private and public sector banks were looking for growth in the outside markets. Regional banks of Korea have shown some strong promise in comparison to nationwide banks, experts believe that the regional firms are the ones who will dominate the banking sector of Korea (Wee, 2017). Hence, NAB has an excellent opportunity here, to merge with the regional bank of South Korea, get into the depth of internet banking and make it easier for people to bank. South Korea despite all the scandals, issues, problems it faced in the market still seems to be a profitable market. And NAB can go with the acquisition growth strategy to expand its base, first in Korea and then to the neighbouring parts of Asia. Banking Sector in Brazil Presently the banking system in Brazil looks promising and is extremely efficient. Almost all the banks have internet sites which are offering most to its entire product and services on web, hence at technology front the banks seems to be doing good. There are numerous bank branches all over the cities with at least one major bank in the entire city (Barbosa, Rocha Salazar, 2015). The five largest banks have almost 15000 branches spread through Brazil, while the international operations are centralized at the banks headquarters either in Sao Paolo or Rio de Janeiro. Overall, in the top 10 banks of Brazil, 3 are state owned( Banco do Brasil, Caixa Economical Federal Banrisul) five being private Brazilian banks (Bradesco, BTG Pactul ) and two being foreign banks( Banco Santender from Spain and Citibank) Present Situation of Banking Sector Moody has recently revised Brazil banking sector outlook to stable owing to the improvement in the economy. The condition seems to have improved after 3 years of continuous recession, relieving the pressure on both the bankers and the borrowers. The economy is forecasted to grow by 1.5% in 2018 (Kanagaretnam, Lobo Wang, 2017) Bank profitability will improve as lenders will benefit from lower cost of funding and having to provision for bank losses. Credit demand to increase in the year 2018 due to falling lending rates. Selic the central bank of Brazil was predicted to be at 8% in 2018 owing to good credit growth. Banks seem to profit due to less of political noise. Forecast for credit growth, -1.1% in 2017, 6.7 % in 2018 and 9.8% in 2019. The banks are looking to increase their credit growth and take advantage of lower net interest margins. Porter 5 Forces Model for Brazil Barriers to Entry Selic is the central bank of Australia which is showing a strong presence now, the sluggish economy in the past and the recession damaged the economy and the banking sector of Brazil. However, the situation is seeming to improve now and private and public sector are coming together to revive the banking sector. The barriers to entry are moderate to low for Brazilian banking sector. Threat of Substitutes Threat of substitute is extremely low owing to non-replacement of the monetary products. Internet banking is pervasive in Brazil with all of the financial products available online. Threat of substitutes remains low. Bargaining power of consumers The private sector banks are targeting the rural sector while the public sector banks have made a dominance over the corporate sector, corporate falling under the lower end of the spectrum in case of Brazil economy. The portfolio of loans to be given to Retail sector is going to be on an increasing trend. Due to division of power and different target groups the buyers have a high bargaining power. Bargaining power of Suppliers Selic being the central bank of Brazil is in no mood to settle down for loss, it is pulling out every arrow from its quiver to shoot down the bad elements of the banking sector and take the economy to uphill. Bargaining power of supplier is relatively higher in this case. Competitive Rivalry Public-Private limited banks cover the entire ecosystem of the Brazil banking sector. The private sector bank is focussed more on the rural end of the pyramid and is going by the trend that retail sector will take banking sector to unprecedented growth. On the other hand Public sector banks are working with corporates and trying to drive in an industrial growth. Both the units seem to be working for the betterment of the economy right now. Hence, less competitive rivalry can be observed. Recommendation Conclusion After analysing the profitability, attractiveness and the present situation of all three markets, France, Brazil and Korea, the best strategy for NAB would be to expand in Korea, get into an alliance with a regional bank, focus on being an internet friendly bank and penetrate amongst the population. Reason for dismissing Brazil is less of manufacturing and industrial sector and domination of the retail sector, which is already being taken care by the private sector, leaving very limited growth potential for Brazil. On the other hand, France is still struggling to revive its economy and will take at least 5 years to be on track. Hence in the light of the above argument and statistics, South Korea market seems to be the most favourable market with great forecasted demand of credit and the falling interest rates to benefit the sector (Anginer Demirguc-Kunt, 2014). The growth of Internet banks is giving a stiff competition to the nationalized banks of Korea, Hence, NAB has a perfect opp ortunity to fill in the gap of services provided by national regional bank by merging with the regional bank and upping the scope of services being provided to the Koreans. References Anginer, D. and Demirguc-Kunt, A., 2014. Has the global banking system become more fragile over time?Journal of Financial Stability,13, pp.202-213. Barbosa, K., de Paula Rocha, B. and Salazar, F., 2015. Assessing competition in the banking industry: A multi-product approach.Journal of Banking Finance,50, pp.340-362. Dlken, F., 2014.Are porters five competitive forces still applicable? A critical examination concerning the relevance for todays business(Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente). Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Fabbri, D. and Klapper, L.F., 2016. Bargaining power and trade credit.Journal of Corporate Finance,41, pp.66-80. Graham, B. and Anderson, E., 2015. Impact Measurement: Exploring its Role in Impact Investing, National Australia Bank, The Difference Incubator and Benefit Capital. Kanagaretnam, K., Lobo, G.J. and Wang, C., 2015. Religiosity and earnings management: International evidence from the banking industry.Journal of Business Ethics,132(2), pp.277-296. Kanagaretnam, K., Lobo, G.J. and Wang, C., 2017. Religiosity and earnings management: International evidence from the banking industry.Journal of Business Ethics,132(2), pp.277-296. Lange, P., Ross, G. and Vannicelli, M., 2016.Unions, change and crisis: French and Italian union strategy and the political economy, 1945-1980. Routledge. Lee, S.Y. and Ryu, S.L., 2014. Economic Crises, Bank Efficiency and Its Determinants: Evidence from Korean Commercial Banks.International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information,17(9 (A)), p.4035. Moradi-Motlagh, A. and Babacan, A., 2015. The impact of the global financial crisis on the efficiency of Australian banks.Economic Modelling,46, pp.397-406. Park, H. and Lee, J., 2017. International Banking and Cross-border effects of regulation: Lessons from Korea.International Journal of Central Banking,13(2), pp.271-292. Piercy, N., 2014.Export Strategy: Markets and Competition (RLE Marketing). Routledge. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E., 2014. How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), pp.64-88. Riasi, A., 2015. Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Salim, R., Arjomandi, A. and Seufert, J.H., 2016. Does corporate governance affect Australian banks' performance?Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money,43, pp.113-125. Schaner, S., 2017. The cost of convenience? Transaction costs, bargaining power, and savings account use in Kenya.Journal of Human Resources,52(4), pp.919-945. Schwienbacher, A., 2016. The internet, crowd funding and the banking industry. InThe Palgrave Handbook of European Banking(pp. 213-229). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wee, C.H., 2017. Think TankBeyond the Five Forces Model and Blue Ocean Strategy: An Integrative Perspective from Sun Zi Bingfa.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,36(2), pp.34-45.

Toward A Sustainable Community Essays - Environmentalism

Toward a Sustainable Community Not until the spread of the Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century, has man possessed the ability to adversely alter, on a global scale, the geologic and climatic cycles that have existed for millennia. Planet earth, which man calls home, is approximately 5 billion years old. The science of paleontology tells us that man is a relative new comer to the planet. Modern man did not arrive on the scene until approximately 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Developments in hunting, agriculture, literacy, and the sciences, have allowed man to thrive and inhabit nearly every corner of the planet. However, this success has not been good for the earth. The world's population has recently surpassed 6 billion and the developed countries community models and lifestyles are not sustainable. Due to rapid, unrestrained growth, housing, shopping, and entertainment construction has spread across the surface of the planet like an oil slick. We are depleting resources and altering ecosystems at an alarming rate. Only now are we beginning to comprehend the long-term effects of more than a century of environmental ignorance, neglect, and apathy. Historically, city and community planners lacked the vision and understanding that would lead to environmentally friendly and sustainable conditions, allowing us to live in harmony with nature. This, coupled with irresponsible consumerism and poor individual choices, has led us to a crossroad. It is now clear we cannot continue to build communities that are unsustainable and we must change our lifestyles. We have arrived at the threshold of the 21st century where nothing less than a global call to action is necessary. We can continue on our current path, which will ultimately lead to severe health problems, loss of valuable resources, extinctions, and a wholesale denial of contaminated areas, or we can take positive, radical steps to break with the past. Regarding unsustainable communities and lifestyles, the blame lies mainly with two specific phenomena, American's love affair with the automobile, and the "American Dream" of owning a home and land outside of the city. A car-dependent lifestyle introduces numerous problems and exacerbates the dilemma of exurb migration. With so many cars on the road, they become congested, leading to the need for new, longer, and wider roads that encroach on existing ecosystems and animal habitats. With roads and highways stretching farther and farther from the city, suburbanites can now live at greater distances from the cities requiring a need for increased fossil fuel production. This increased consumption and burning of fossil fuels increases air and water pollution and contributes to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that out of the millions of underground storage tanks of gasoline and diesel fuel across the U.S., over 300,000 have failed, contaminating the surrounding ground water tables ( Nebel, Wright 490). In the case of the fuel additive, Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE), contaminated wells have to be shut down entirely. Many cities fail to meet air-quality standards even with improved pollution controls. Vehicles are responsible for an estimated 80% of the air pollution in metropolitan regions (Nebel, Wright 581). Vehicle traffic congestion increases year after year, accounting for billions of dollars worth of lost time and productivity. From 1945 to 1980, U.S. oil consumption nearly quadrupled while the population grew by just 60 percent (Nebel, Wright 581). According to the Washington Post, the world's oil reserves will be exhausted in approximately 40 to 50 years. The "American Dream" of owning a home and land is something almost all Americans aspire to. However, this lifestyle is also responsible for a unique set of associated problems that contribute to a wasteful and unwise depletion of energy sources. Single family homes or detached dwellings, cost much more to heat than apartments. The paved area around all homes reduces rainfall percolation back to ground water tables. The increased run off due to the paving over of existing soil, causes erosion, and carries away surface pollutants such as lawn and garden chemicals. The unplanned communities that extend out from the cities eat up existing rich farmland, requiring food to be transported in from greater distances. The only way we are going to be able to move away from unsustainable practices and behavior is through education, inclusion, planning, and regulation. By